How can I tell whether two triangles intersect in 2D Euclidean space? (i.e. classic 2D geometry) given the (X,Y) coordinates of each vertex in each triangle.
What you're really looking for is a "Point in Polygon" algorithm. If any of the points of one triangle are in the other, they are intersecting. Here is a good question to check out.
How can I determine whether a 2D Point is within a Polygon?