To begin with, I\'ve already read the following topics:
Use the Facebook Debug tool to see what content is on the page. http://developers.facebook.com/tools/debug
It shows you what Facebook sees when it scrapes the page. It could help in identifying what the underlying issue is.
With regards to liking / unliking content multiple times, Facebook has some automatic features that prevent likes from showing up on Facebook, or indeed showing the 'Confirm' link you are seeing. This is mainly to combat click-jacking as this is a common problem with the Like button.