My question is if there is a way, without using JavaScript, to cause child divs to extend to the borders of their parent, without exceeding those borders, when you cannot kn
If I've understood you correctly, the easiest method is to float the children. For example:
#one { width: 500px; height: 1%; overflow: hidden; background: red; }
#two { float: left; width: 250px; height: 400px; background: aqua; }
#two { float: left; width: 250px; height: 200px; background: lime; }
Setting a dimension (height/width) and overflow to auto or hidden on the parent element causes it to contain any floated child elements.
Note that overflow:hidden; can occasionally cause problems with content getting cut off, in which case you might want to try this alternative method:
http://www.positioniseverything.net/easyclearing.html