Is there a Windows standard way to do things such as \"start fan\", \"decrease speed\" or the like, from C/C++?
I have a suspicion it might be ACPI, but I am a frail
Yes, It would be ACPI, and to my knowledge windows doesn't give much/any control over that from user space. So you'd have to start mucking with drivers, which is nigh impossible on windows.
That said, google reveals there are a few open source windows libraries for this for specific hardware... so depending on your hardware you might be able to find something.