Is there a Bash script and/or daemon that I can write that will detect a specific USB drive and then sync that drive with a directory?
I didn't do it myself, but you can try udev
rules like this:
# Hitachi SimpleDrive mini, model HTS545050B9A300 (500 GB USB HDD)
SUBSYSTEM=="block", ATTR{size}=="976768002", ATTRS{product}=="SimpleDrive mini", ATTRS{serial}=="2512009121920487", ACTION=="add", RUN+="/lib/udev/local.usb.hdd.sh add $devpath"
Place it in /etc/udev/rules.d/90-local.rules
or similar place, certainly dependable on your OS.