If I want to check for the existence of a single file, I can test for it using test -e filename or [ -e filename ].
test -e filename
[ -e filename ]
Supposing I have a glob
ls | grep -q "glob.*"
Not the most efficient solution (if there's a ton of files in the directory it might be slowish), but it's simple, easy to read and also has the advantage that regexes are more powerful than plain bash glob patterns.