Formal way of getting closest values in array in Javascript, given a value and a sorted array?

Question

If I have an array like this:

var array = [1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10];

And I have a value like this:

var value = 8;

Answer 1

C-code

#include 

#define moddiff(a,b) ((a > b) ? (a-b) : (b-a))

#define uint unsigned int

/* test case : sample array */
uint arr[] = { 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49 , 64, 81 };

/* search for nearest num to key in a sorted array */
uint nrst_num(uint arr[], uint lo, uint hi, uint key) 
{
  uint mid = 0;
  uint mid_parent = 0;

  while (lo <= hi) {
    mid_parent = mid;
    mid = (lo + hi) / 2; 

    if (key == arr[mid]) {
        return mid;
    } else if (key < arr[mid]) {
        hi = mid - 1;
    } else if (key > arr[mid]) {
        lo = mid + 1;
    }   
  }

  uint ldiff = moddiff(key, arr[lo]);
  uint mdiff = moddiff(key, arr[mid]);
  uint hdiff = moddiff(key, arr[hi]);
  uint mid_parent_diff = moddiff(key, arr[mid_parent]);

  /* select the index from the lowest diff */
  if ((mid_parent_diff <= mdiff) && (mid_parent_diff <= ldiff) && (mid_parent_diff <= hdiff)) {
        return mid_parent;
  } else if ((mdiff <= mid_parent_diff) && (mdiff <= ldiff) && (mdiff <= hdiff)) {
        return mid;
  } else if ((ldiff <= mdiff) && (ldiff <= hdiff) && (ldiff <= mid_parent_diff)) {
        return lo;
  }

  return hi; 
}


int main()
{
 /* test case */
  uint key = 0;

  printf(" { 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49 , 64, 81 }");
  uint res = nrst_num(arr, 0, 8, key);

  printf (" nearest point to key=%d is val=%d \n", key, res); 
}