Apparently with Android 2.3.4 and 3.1 one can now access USB accessories.
I have a Ardupilot Mega (based on Arduino) board with a USB cable connected to my laptop, a
usb-serial-for-android is my open source library written for exactly this need. It supports FTDI and CDC-ACM usb serial devices using Android's USB host support; no root or ADK necessary. It can talk most Arduinos.
The project is still in its early days, but the basic support has worked well enough for several projects. There is also a discussion list where you can get help.