Navigating to http://whatsmyuseragent.com/ shows me my stock Android browser on my Galaxy Nexus running 4.2.1 has the user agent
Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_
It looks like the presence of "Linux; U; Android" is a consistent differentiator for the stock browser. Who knows what the "U" means, but I suspect it will be unreliable in the future. Hopefully the browser will either go away or start to play like Chrome when the strings change. Some other strings are below for comparison
Android Chrome: "Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 4.1.2; SAMSUNG-SGH-I727 Build/JZO54K) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/28.0.1500.94 Mobile Safari/537.36"
Android Firefox: "Mozilla/5.0 (Android; Mobile; rv:23.0) Gecko/23.0 Firefox/23.0"
Android Opera: "Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 4.1.2; SAMSUNG-SGH-I727 Build/JZO54K) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/28.0.1500.63 Mobile Safari/537.36 OPR/15.0.1162.61541"