How do I determine whether a given integer is between two other integers (e.g. greater than/equal to 10000 and less than/equal to 30000)?
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Your code snippet,
if number >= 10000 and number >= 30000:
print ("you have to pay 5% taxes")
actually checks if number is larger than both 10000 and 30000.
Assuming you want to check that the number is in the range 10000 - 30000, you could use the Python interval comparison:
if 10000 <= number <= 30000:
print ("you have to pay 5% taxes")
This Python feature is further described in the Python documentation.