Sys.WebForms.PageRequestManager.ge
You can hook the PageRequestManager.beginRequest event and inspect the BeginRequestEventArgs.postBackElement property.
Note that it doesn't really give you the UpdatePanel, but the control inside of the UpdatePanel. That should be good enough, though.
Edit: Even better, the PageRequestManager.pageLoaded event gives you PageLoadedEventArgs.panelsUpdated (and panelsCreated) properties.