What is the effect of ordering if…else if statements by probability?

Question

Specifically, if I have a series of if...else if statements, and I somehow know beforehand the relative probability that each statement will evalua

Answer 1

I made up the following test to time the execution of two different if...else if blocks, one sorted in order of probability, the other sorted in reverse order:

#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    long long sortedTime = 0;
    long long reverseTime = 0;

    for (int n = 0; n != 500; ++n)
    {
        //Generate a vector of 5000 random integers from 1 to 100
        random_device rnd_device;
        mt19937 rnd_engine(rnd_device());
        uniform_int_distribution rnd_dist(1, 100);
        auto gen = std::bind(rnd_dist, rnd_engine);
        vector rand_vec(5000);
        generate(begin(rand_vec), end(rand_vec), gen);

        volatile int nLow, nMid, nHigh;
        chrono::time_point start, end;

        //Sort the conditional statements in order of increasing likelyhood
        nLow = nMid = nHigh = 0;
        start = chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        for (int& i : rand_vec) {
            if (i >= 95) ++nHigh;               //Least likely branch
            else if (i < 20) ++nLow;
            else if (i >= 20 && i < 95) ++nMid; //Most likely branch
        }
        end = chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        reverseTime += chrono::duration_cast(end-start).count();

        //Sort the conditional statements in order of decreasing likelyhood
        nLow = nMid = nHigh = 0;
        start = chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        for (int& i : rand_vec) {
            if (i >= 20 && i < 95) ++nMid;  //Most likely branch
            else if (i < 20) ++nLow;
            else if (i >= 95) ++nHigh;      //Least likely branch
        }
        end = chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        sortedTime += chrono::duration_cast(end-start).count();

    }

    cout << "Percentage difference: " << 100 * (double(reverseTime) - double(sortedTime)) / double(sortedTime) << endl << endl;
}

Using MSVC2017 with /O2, the results show that the sorted version is consistently about 28% faster than the unsorted version. Per luk32's comment, I also switched the order of the two tests, which makes a noticeable difference (22% vs 28%). The code was run under Windows 7 on an Intel Xeon E5-2697 v2. This is, of course, very problem-specific and should not be interpreted as a conclusive answer.