What are some (concrete) use-cases for metaclasses?

Question

I have a friend who likes to use metaclasses, and regularly offers them as a solution.

I am of the mind that you almost never need to use metaclasses. Why? because I

Answer 1

The purpose of metaclasses isn't to replace the class/object distinction with metaclass/class - it's to change the behaviour of class definitions (and thus their instances) in some way. Effectively it's to alter the behaviour of the class statement in ways that may be more useful for your particular domain than the default. The things I have used them for are:

• Tracking subclasses, usually to register handlers. This is handy when using a plugin style setup, where you wish to register a handler for a particular thing simply by subclassing and setting up a few class attributes. eg. suppose you write a handler for various music formats, where each class implements appropriate methods (play / get tags etc) for its type. Adding a handler for a new type becomes:

  class Mp3File(MusicFile):
      extensions = ['.mp3']  # Register this type as a handler for mp3 files
      ...
      # Implementation of mp3 methods go here
  

  The metaclass then maintains a dictionary of {'.mp3' : MP3File, ... } etc, and constructs an object of the appropriate type when you request a handler through a factory function.

• Changing behaviour. You may want to attach a special meaning to certain attributes, resulting in altered behaviour when they are present. For example, you may want to look for methods with the name _get_foo and _set_foo and transparently convert them to properties. As a real-world example, here's a recipe I wrote to give more C-like struct definitions. The metaclass is used to convert the declared items into a struct format string, handling inheritance etc, and produce a class capable of dealing with it.

  For other real-world examples, take a look at various ORMs, like sqlalchemy's ORM or sqlobject. Again, the purpose is to interpret defintions (here SQL column definitions) with a particular meaning.