I know that for older versions of .NET, you can determine if a given version is installed by following
https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/318785
Look in C:\Program Files\dotnet\shared\Microsoft.NETCore.App to see which versions of the runtime have directories there. Source.
C:\Program Files\dotnet\shared\Microsoft.NETCore.App
A lot of the answers here confuse the SDK with the Runtime, which are different.