I am doing a file search and replace for occurrences of specific words in perl. I\'m not usually much of a perl or regex user. I have searched for other regex questions here
Use the \b anchor to match only on a word boundary:
s/\bcat\b/cat_tastic/g
Although Perl has a slightly different definition of what a "word" is. Reading the perlre reference guide a couple of times might help you understand regexps a bit better.
Running perl -pi -e "YOUR_REGEXP" in a terminal and entering in lines of text can help you understand and debug what a particular regexp is doing.