Passing an integer by reference in Python

Question

How can I pass an integer by reference in Python?

I want to modify the value of a variable that I am passing to the function. I have read that everything in Python i

Answer 1

Not exactly passing a value directly, but using it as if it was passed.

x = 7
def my_method():
    nonlocal x
    x += 1
my_method()
print(x) # 8

Caveats:

• nonlocal was introduced in python 3
• If the enclosing scope is the global one, use global instead of nonlocal.