On a non-rooted android device, I can navigate to the data folder containing the database using the run-as command with my package name. Most files types I am c
Here's a solution that works on a device running Android 5.1. The following example is for Windows.
You need sed (or sed.exe on windows, e.g. from cygwin.) ( On Unix, it'll just be there ;) ). To remove bad '\r' characters, at least on windows.
Now just run the following command:
adb exec-out "run-as com.yourcompany.yourapp /data/data/com.yourcompany.yourapp/databases/YourDatabaseName" | c:\cygwin\bin\sed.exe 's/\x0D\x0A/\x0A/'>YourDatabaseName.db
The sed command strips out trailing /r characters.
Of course you should replace "com.yourcompany.yourapp" with the package name of the app and "YourDatabaseName" with the name of the database in the app.