Given this HTML:
some text
Why does this JQuery selector match it on some browsers and some
Turns out JQuery's class selector uses the new javascript method getElementsByClassName if the browser supports it. This method is case-insensitive on quirks-mode pages, and case-sensitive on non-quirksmode (aka standards-compliant) pages. Sure, it's usually obvious that the cases are different, but when the text is stuck in the middle of a long, complex selector it was hard to see. Apparently there are lots of case-sensitive differences between standards and quirks to watch out for.
Moral of the story: match case of everything in your HTML (element names, CSS classes, etc.) because you never know when a change to a browser or standard or library might invalidate your assumption about case-insensitivity.