I have an XML document as follows:
\"+447528349828\"
\"09/06/24
Assuming that you have your number in some canonicalized form and your XML is loaded into an XmlDocument or some such, the simplest non-LINQ way to do it is with an XPath query:
string pattern = String.Format("/Database/SMS/Number[. = '{0}']", number);
if (myDoc.SelectSingleNode(pattern) != null)
{
// number already exists in document
}