Which design pattern exist to realize the execution of some PHP processes and the collection of the results in one PHP process?
Background:
I do
You could use a more efficient data structure, such as a btree. I used once in Java but not in PHP. You can try this script: http://www.phpclasses.org/browse/file/708.html, it is an implementation of btree.
If it is not enough, you can use Hadoop to implement a Map/Reduce pattern, as Michael said. I would not fork PHP process, it does not seem to help for performace.
Personally, I would use PHP as client and put everything in Hadoop. This tutorial might help: http://www.lunchpauze.com/2007/10/writing-hadoop-mapreduce-program-in-php.html.
Another solution can be to use a Java implementation of Btree: http://jdbm.sourceforge.net/. JDBM is an object database using a Btree+ data astructures. Then you can search with PHP by exposing data with a web service or by accessing it directly with Quercus