Difference between Covariance & Contra-variance

Question

I am having trouble understanding the difference between covariance and contravariance.

Answer 1

The question is "what is the difference between covariance and contravariance?"

Covariance and contravariance are properties of a mapping function that associates one member of a set with another. More specifically, a mapping can be covariant or contravariant with respect to a relation on that set.

Consider the following two subsets of the set of all C# types. First:

{ Animal, 
  Tiger, 
  Fruit, 
  Banana }.

And second, this clearly related set:

{ IEnumerable, 
  IEnumerable, 
  IEnumerable, 
  IEnumerable }

There is a mapping operation from the first set to the second set. That is, for each T in the first set, the corresponding type in the second set is IEnumerable. Or, in short form, the mapping is T → IE. Notice that this is a "thin arrow".

With me so far?

Now let's consider a relation. There is an assignment compatibility relationship between pairs of types in the first set. A value of type Tiger can be assigned to a variable of type Animal, so these types are said to be "assignment compatible". Let's write "a value of type X can be assigned to a variable of type Y" in a shorter form: X ⇒ Y. Notice that this is a "fat arrow".

So in our first subset, here are all the assignment compatibility relationships:

Tiger  ⇒ Tiger
Tiger  ⇒ Animal
Animal ⇒ Animal
Banana ⇒ Banana
Banana ⇒ Fruit
Fruit  ⇒ Fruit

In C# 4, which supports covariant assignment compatibility of certain interfaces, there is an assignment compatibility relationship between pairs of types in the second set:

IE  ⇒ IE
IE  ⇒ IE
IE ⇒ IE
IE ⇒ IE
IE ⇒ IE
IE  ⇒ IE

Notice that the mapping T → IE preserves the existence and direction of assignment compatibility. That is, if X ⇒ Y, then it is also true that IE ⇒ IE.

If we have two things on either side of a fat arrow, then we can replace both sides with something on the right hand side of a corresponding thin arrow.

A mapping which has this property with respect to a particular relation is called a "covariant mapping". This should make sense: a sequence of Tigers can be used where a sequence of Animals is needed, but the opposite is not true. A sequence of animals cannot necessarily be used where a sequence of Tigers is needed.

That's covariance. Now consider this subset of the set of all types:

{ IComparable, 
  IComparable, 
  IComparable, 
  IComparable }

now we have the mapping from the first set to the third set T → IC.

In C# 4:

IC  ⇒ IC
IC ⇒ IC     Backwards!
IC ⇒ IC
IC ⇒ IC
IC  ⇒ IC     Backwards!
IC  ⇒ IC

That is, the mapping T → IC has preserved the existence but reversed the direction of assignment compatibility. That is, if X ⇒ Y, then IC ⇐ IC.

A mapping which preserves but reverses a relation is called a contravariant mapping.

Again, this should be clearly correct. A device which can compare two Animals can also compare two Tigers, but a device which can compare two Tigers cannot necessarily compare any two Animals.

So that's the difference between covariance and contravariance in C# 4. Covariance preserves the direction of assignability. Contravariance reverses it.