Singletons as Synthetic classes in Scala?

Question

I am reading Programming in Scala, and I don\'t understand the following sentence (pdf p.112):

Each singleton object is implemented as an instance of

Answer 1

You're basically correct.

If you have the singleton

object Singleton {
  def method = "Method result"
}

then compilation gives you

Singleton.class
Singleton$.class

and for the bytecode you find, first for Singleton:

public final class Singleton extends java.lang.Object{
public static final java.lang.String method();
  Signature: ()Ljava/lang/String;
  Code:
   0:   getstatic   #11; //Field Singleton$.MODULE$:LSingleton$;
   3:   invokevirtual   #13; //Method Singleton$.method:()Ljava/lang/String;
   6:   areturn
}

that is, a public static method for each method of the class that references something called Singleton$.MODULE$, and in Singleton$:

public final class Singleton$ extends java.lang.Object implements scala.ScalaObject{
public static final Singleton$ MODULE$;
  Signature: LSingleton$;

public static {};
  Signature: ()V
  Code:
   0:   new #9; //class Singleton$
   3:   invokespecial   #12; //Method "":()V
   6:   return


public java.lang.String method();
  Signature: ()Ljava/lang/String;
  Code:
   0:   ldc #16; //String Method result
   2:   areturn


private Singleton$();
  Signature: ()V
  Code:
   0:   aload_0
   1:   invokespecial   #20; //Method java/lang/Object."":()V
   4:   aload_0
   5:   putstatic   #22; //Field MODULE$:LSingleton$;
   8:   return
}

Where you see that MODULE$ is what holds the instance of Singleton$, and method is just an ordinary method.

So, that's all there really is to it: create Singleton$ with a static field called MODULE$ to hold the unique instance of itself, populate that field, and then create a Singleton with static methods that forward all static calls to the appropriate methods from Singleton$.