I am looking for a built-in Ruby method that has the same functionality as index but uses a binary search algorithm, and thus requires a pre-sorted array.
index
A lot has changed since 2011, in Ruby 2.3, you can use bsearch_index
bsearch_index
https://ruby-doc.org/core-2.3.0/Array.html#method-i-bsearch_index
array.bsearch_index { |val| query <=> val }