To answer the first part of your question, check out this answer. Basically, your phone needs to have root access, and you need to run adb in root mode (using "adb root").
As for the second part, I use SQLite Database Browser to view my SQLite dbs (though that's only when the db is on my computer; don't know of any on-device browsers). I don't know of any way to get a human view of content resolvers.
