Assuming a relatively modern, SVG-supporting desktop browser and an SVG consisting of hundreds of similar, simple nodes:
Rohit Kalkur compared rendering speed of the creation of 5000 SVG symbols using use against directly creating the SVG symbol's shapes, see here. It turns out that rendering SVG shapes using use was almost 50% slower. He reasons that:
The use element takes nodes from within the SVG document, and duplicates them in a non-exposed DOM
Given this, I assume that using SVG symbols is at best as performant as manually creating the symbolss shape.