I have a QScrollArea Widget, which starts empty;

It has a vertical layout, with a
If you're coming here from Google and not having luck with the accepted answer, that's because you're missing the other secret invocation: QScrollArea::setWidget. You must create and explicitly identify a single widget which is to be scrolled. It's not enough to just add the item as a child! Adding multiple items directly to the ScrollArea will also not work.
This script demonstrates a simple working example of QScrollArea:
from PySide.QtGui import *
app = QApplication([])
scroll = QScrollArea()
scroll.setWidgetResizable(True) # CRITICAL
inner = QFrame(scroll)
inner.setLayout(QVBoxLayout())
scroll.setWidget(inner) # CRITICAL
for i in range(40):
b = QPushButton(inner)
b.setText(str(i))
inner.layout().addWidget(b)
scroll.show()
app.exec_()