I have a project with the following structure:
project_name/CMakeLists.txt project_name/src project_name/resources ... project_name-build/configuration_name/
Since CMake 3.8, there is the VS_DEBUGGER_WORKING_DIRECTORY target property, which allows you to set the debugger working directory for a target in Visual Studio.
Usage example:
set_property(TARGET MyTarget PROPERTY VS_DEBUGGER_WORKING_DIRECTORY "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/bin")