I just installed Visual Studio 2017. After starting an ASP.NET MVC application I get the message that chrome debugging in Visual Studio is enabled.
But my breakpoint
My best guess here (at least in my case, potentially in your case as well) is that it has to do with bundling. The project I'm working on right now bundles separate scripts into one Big Daddy script (without minifying in debug configuration) so my hunch is that VS won't map my breakpoint to that ultimate script run in the browser.
I know this doesn't answer the question since it's just a hunch, but I'm hoping it points us in the right direction. Maybe if we can validate this against others' experience this could evolve into a real answer.