Technically, any odd number of backslashes, as described in the documentation.
>>> r\'\\\' File \"\", line 1 r\'\\\' ^ Syn
Since \" is allowed inside the raw string. Then it can't be used to identify the end of the string literal.
Why not stop parsing the string literal when you encounter the first "?
If that was the case, then \" wouldn't be allowed inside the string literal. But it is.