In string \"12345\", out string \"54321\". Preferably without third party tools and regex.
For those without rev (recommended), there is the following simple awk solution that splits fields on the null string (every character is a separate field) and prints in reverse:
awk -F '' '{ for(i=NF; i; i--) printf("%c", $i); print "" }'
The above awk code is POSIX compliant. As a compliant awk implementation is guaranteed to be on every POSIX compliant OS, the solution should thus not be thought of as "3rd-party." This code will likely be more concise and understandable than a pure POSIX sh (or bash) solution.
(; I do not know if you consider the null string to -F a regex... ;)