After significant troubleshooting, I figured out that I needed to run rake spec once (I can abort with control-c) before I can run rspec directly (e.g. on a sub
I started by dropping my test database
rake db:drop RAILS_ENV=test
when trying to create a new test database I ran into an issue because my user account was not the same as the account that owns the databases so I created the database in PostgreSQL instead.
type psql in the command prompt and then run the below to create a test database that uses an account other than your own.
CREATE DATABASE your_database_name OWNER your_db_owner;
then run your migrations in the test environment.
rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=test