I am googling the question for past hour, but there are only points to Taylor Series or some sample code that is either too slow or does not compile at all. Well, most answe
The fastest way is to pre-compute values an use a table like in this example:
Create sine lookup table in C++
BUT if you insist upon computing at runtime you can use the Taylor series expansion of sine or cosine...

For more on the Taylor series... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_series
One of the keys to getting this to work well is pre-computing the factorials and truncating at a sensible number of terms. The factorials grow in the denominator very quickly, so you don't need to carry more than a few terms.
Also...Don't multiply your x^n from the start each time...e.g. multiply x^3 by x another two times, then that by another two to compute the exponents.