I\'m not sure in which languages those extensions are, I think the are written in Html, Javascript or JSON. As far as I know they are \"compressed\" in a .CRX file.
I have read the other answers and found it important to note a few other things:
1.) For Mac users: When you click "Load unpacked extension...", the Library folder is by default hidden and (even if the Show Hidden files option is toggled on your Mac) it might not show up in Chrome's finder window.
2.) The sub folder containing the extension is a random alpha-numeric string named after the extension's ID, which can be found on Chrome's extension page if Developer flag is set to true. (Upper right hand checkbox on the extensions page)