Difference between API and ABI

Question

I am new to linux system programming and I came across API and ABI while reading Linux System Programming.

Definition of API :

Answer 1

Let me give a specific example how ABI and API differ in Java.

An ABI incompatible change is if I change a method A#m() from taking a String as an argument to String... argument. This is not ABI compatible because you have to recompile code that is calling that, but it is API compatible as you can resolve it by recompiling without any code changes in the caller.

Here is the example spelled out. I have my Java library with class A

// Version 1.0.0
public class A {
    public void m(String string) {
        System.out.println(string);
    }
}

And I have a class that uses this library

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        (new A()).m("string");
    }
}

Now, the library author compiled their class A, I compiled my class Main and it is all working nicely. Imagine a new version of A comes

// Version 2.0.0
public class A {
    public void m(String... string) {
        System.out.println(string[0]);
    }
}

If I just take the new compiled class A and drop it together with the previously compiled class Main, I get an exception on attempt to invoke the method

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoSuchMethodError: A.m(Ljava/lang/String;)V
        at Main.main(Main.java:5)

If I recompile Main, this is fixed and all is working again.