I have a table like this:
+------+-----------+ |caseID|groupVarian| +------+-----------+ |1 |A,B,C,D,E | +------+-----------+ |2 |A,B,N,O,P | +----
You could use DENSE_RANK(MySQL 8.0):
DENSE_RANK
SELECT *, CONCAT('v', DENSE_RANK() OVER(ORDER BY groupVarian)) AS namevarian FROM tab ORDER BY CaseID;
db<>fiddle demo