Say for example I grant a new role to the currently authenticated user in a controller, like so:
$em = $this->getDoctrine()->getManager();
$loggedInUse
$user = $this->getUser();
$userManager = $this->get('fos_user.user_manager');
$user->addRole('ROLE_TEACHER');
$userManager->updateUser($user);
$newtoken = new \Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\UsernamePasswordToken($user,null,'main', $user->getRoles());
$token = $this->get('security.token_storage')->setToken($newtoken);