[a-zA-Z] will match only letters in the range of a-z and A-Z. You have non-US-ASCII letters, and therefore your regex won't match, regardless of the /u modifier. You need to use the word character escape sequence (\w).
$post = '9999,škofja loka';
echo preg_match('/^[0-9]{4},[\s]*[\w]+/u', $post);