At a basic level, you can get the client's IP address by using the PHP $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] property
Consider setting a cookie or using a session, though this can be defeated by deletion of a cookie or cookie rejection. See the PHP setcookie docs for more info.
There are other methods for browser fingerprinting - check out all the different data you could conceivably use at https://panopticlick.eff.org/index.php