select * from @t
When entity framework tries to retrieve columns from stored procedure it calls SET FMTONLY ON and after that executes the stored procedure. When FMTONLY is ON execution returns only metadata and it doesn't work with some advanced construction in stored procedures - for example dynamic SQL, temporary tables and also table variables.
You have three choices:
SET FMTONLY OFF at beginning of your stored procedure. This will cause your stored procedure to really execute so make sure it only reads data - any insert, update or delete will be executed each time you try to retrieve columns!