How do NULL values affect performance in a database search?

Question

In our product we have a generic search engine, and trying to optimze the search performance. A lot of the tables used in the queries allow null values. Should we redesign o

Answer 1

Nullable fields can have a big impact on performance when doing "NOT IN" queries. Because rows with all indexed fields set to null aren't indexed in a B-Tree indexes, Oracle must do a full table scan to check for null entires, even when a index exists.

For example:

create table t1 as select rownum rn from all_objects;

create table t2 as select rownum rn from all_objects;

create unique index t1_idx on t1(rn);

create unique index t2_idx on t2(rn);

delete from t2 where rn = 3;

explain plan for
select *
  from t1
 where rn not in ( select rn
                     from t2 );

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation          | Name | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT   |      | 50173 |   636K|  3162   (1)| 00:00:38 |
|*  1 |  FILTER            |      |       |       |            |          |
|   2 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL| T1   | 50205 |   637K|    24   (5)| 00:00:01 |
|*  3 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL| T2   | 45404 |   576K|     2   (0)| 00:00:01 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

The query has to check for null values so it has to do a full table scan of t2 for each row in t1.

Now, if we make the fields not nullable, it can use the index.

alter table t1 modify rn not null;

alter table t2 modify rn not null;

explain plan for
select *
  from t1
 where rn not in ( select rn
                     from t2 );

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation          | Name   | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT   |        |  2412 | 62712 |    24   (9)| 00:00:01 |
|   1 |  NESTED LOOPS ANTI |        |  2412 | 62712 |    24   (9)| 00:00:01 |
|   2 |   INDEX FULL SCAN  | T1_IDX | 50205 |   637K|    21   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|*  3 |   INDEX UNIQUE SCAN| T2_IDX | 45498 |   577K|     1   (0)| 00:00:01 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------