When is assembly faster than C?

Question

One of the stated reasons for knowing assembler is that, on occasion, it can be employed to write code that will be more performant than writing that code in a higher-level

Answer 1

Although C is "close" to the low-level manipulation of 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, 64-bit data, there are a few mathematical operations not supported by C which can often be performed elegantly in certain assembly instruction sets:

1. Fixed-point multiplication: The product of two 16-bit numbers is a 32-bit number. But the rules in C says that the product of two 16-bit numbers is a 16-bit number, and the product of two 32-bit numbers is a 32-bit number -- the bottom half in both cases. If you want the top half of a 16x16 multiply or a 32x32 multiply, you have to play games with the compiler. The general method is to cast to a larger-than-necessary bit width, multiply, shift down, and cast back:

   int16_t x, y;
   // int16_t is a typedef for "short"
   // set x and y to something
   int16_t prod = (int16_t)(((int32_t)x*y)>>16);`
   

   In this case the compiler may be smart enough to know that you're really just trying to get the top half of a 16x16 multiply and do the right thing with the machine's native 16x16multiply. Or it may be stupid and require a library call to do the 32x32 multiply that's way overkill because you only need 16 bits of the product -- but the C standard doesn't give you any way to express yourself.

2. Certain bitshifting operations (rotation/carries):

   // 256-bit array shifted right in its entirety:
   uint8_t x[32];
   for (int i = 32; --i > 0; )
   {
      x[i] = (x[i] >> 1) | (x[i-1] << 7);
   }
   x[0] >>= 1;
   

   This is not too inelegant in C, but again, unless the compiler is smart enough to realize what you are doing, it's going to do a lot of "unnecessary" work. Many assembly instruction sets allow you to rotate or shift left/right with the result in the carry register, so you could accomplish the above in 34 instructions: load a pointer to the beginning of the array, clear the carry, and perform 32 8-bit right-shifts, using auto-increment on the pointer.

   For another example, there are linear feedback shift registers (LFSR) that are elegantly performed in assembly: Take a chunk of N bits (8, 16, 32, 64, 128, etc), shift the whole thing right by 1 (see above algorithm), then if the resulting carry is 1 then you XOR in a bit pattern that represents the polynomial.

Having said that, I wouldn't resort to these techniques unless I had serious performance constraints. As others have said, assembly is much harder to document/debug/test/maintain than C code: the performance gain comes with some serious costs.

edit: 3. Overflow detection is possible in assembly (can't really do it in C), this makes some algorithms much easier.