I would say that your query is not executing due to incorrect syntax. You should really check PDO's errorinfo static function to see if the query errored out or not.
Here is a potential correct SQL statement:
$sql_shouts = $this->db->query('SELECT shoutid, message, pmuserid, ipadress, `time` FROM shouts WHERE pmuserid = 0');
I believe Time is a reserved word in MySQL I would recommend using a different name but encasing it in backticks will alleviate that issue. 1 equal sign is used for mysql, not two. But yea, look into the errorinfo function to determine if your query failed due to a syntax error and handle it gracefully.