In C#, what is the difference between public, private, protected, and having no access modifier?

Question

All my college years I have been using public, and would like to know the difference between public, private, and protected

Answer 1

Reposting the awesome diagrams from this answer.

Here are all access modifiers in Venn diagrams, from more limiting to more promiscuous:

private:

private protected: - added in C# 7.2

internal:

protected:

protected internal:

public: