You cannot. As pointed out, you can get the size of the void * mallocated, but that does not tell you much.
You cannot get the size of the malloed *mallocated. That is to say, there is no function call to return 100 (in your example) - unless you write your own memory management routines.
Simplest is just to remember it somewhere ... maybe ....
stuct {
void *data;
unsigned int size
} myStructureWhichRemebersItsSize;
myStructureWhichRemebersItsSize *someData;
someData.data = malloc(100); // and check for NULL
someData.size = 100;