Modular Exponentiation for high numbers in C++

Question

So I\'ve been working recently on an implementation of the Miller-Rabin primality test. I am limiting it to a scope of all 32-bit numbers, because this is a just-for-fun pr

Answer 1

I wrote something for this recently for RSA in C++, bit messy though.

#include "BigInteger.h"
#include 
#include 
#include 

BigInteger::BigInteger() {
    digits.push_back(0);
    negative = false;
}

BigInteger::~BigInteger() {
}

void BigInteger::addWithoutSign(BigInteger& c, const BigInteger& a, const BigInteger& b) {
    int sum_n_carry = 0;
    int n = (int)a.digits.size();
    if (n < (int)b.digits.size()) {
        n = b.digits.size();
    }
    c.digits.resize(n);
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        unsigned short a_digit = 0;
        unsigned short b_digit = 0;
        if (i < (int)a.digits.size()) {
            a_digit = a.digits[i];
        }
        if (i < (int)b.digits.size()) {
            b_digit = b.digits[i];
        }
        sum_n_carry += a_digit + b_digit;
        c.digits[i] = (sum_n_carry & 0xFFFF);
        sum_n_carry >>= 16;
    }
    if (sum_n_carry != 0) {
        putCarryInfront(c, sum_n_carry);
    }
    while (c.digits.size() > 1 && c.digits.back() == 0) {
        c.digits.pop_back();
    }
    //std::cout << a.toString() << " + " << b.toString() << " == " << c.toString() << std::endl;
}

void BigInteger::subWithoutSign(BigInteger& c, const BigInteger& a, const BigInteger& b) {
    int sub_n_borrow = 0;
    int n = a.digits.size();
    if (n < (int)b.digits.size())
        n = (int)b.digits.size();
    c.digits.resize(n);
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        unsigned short a_digit = 0;
        unsigned short b_digit = 0;
        if (i < (int)a.digits.size())
            a_digit = a.digits[i];
        if (i < (int)b.digits.size())
            b_digit = b.digits[i];
        sub_n_borrow += a_digit - b_digit;
        if (sub_n_borrow >= 0) {
            c.digits[i] = sub_n_borrow;
            sub_n_borrow = 0;
        } else {
            c.digits[i] = 0x10000 + sub_n_borrow;
            sub_n_borrow = -1;
        }
    }
    while (c.digits.size() > 1 && c.digits.back() == 0) {
        c.digits.pop_back();
    }
    //std::cout << a.toString() << " - " << b.toString() << " == " << c.toString() << std::endl;
}

int BigInteger::cmpWithoutSign(const BigInteger& a, const BigInteger& b) {
    int n = (int)a.digits.size();
    if (n < (int)b.digits.size())
        n = (int)b.digits.size();
    //std::cout << "cmp(" << a.toString() << ", " << b.toString() << ") == ";
    for (int i = n-1; i >= 0; --i) {
        unsigned short a_digit = 0;
        unsigned short b_digit = 0;
        if (i < (int)a.digits.size())
            a_digit = a.digits[i];
        if (i < (int)b.digits.size())
            b_digit = b.digits[i];
        if (a_digit < b_digit) {
            //std::cout << "-1" << std::endl;
            return -1;
        } else if (a_digit > b_digit) {
            //std::cout << "+1" << std::endl;
            return +1;
        }
    }
    //std::cout << "0" << std::endl;
    return 0;
}

void BigInteger::multByDigitWithoutSign(BigInteger& c, const BigInteger& a, unsigned short b) {
    unsigned int mult_n_carry = 0;
    c.digits.clear();
    c.digits.resize(a.digits.size());
    for (int i = 0; i < (int)a.digits.size(); ++i) {
        unsigned short a_digit = 0;
        unsigned short b_digit = b;
        if (i < (int)a.digits.size())
            a_digit = a.digits[i];
        mult_n_carry += a_digit * b_digit;
        c.digits[i] = (mult_n_carry & 0xFFFF);
        mult_n_carry >>= 16;
    }
    if (mult_n_carry != 0) {
        putCarryInfront(c, mult_n_carry);
    }
    //std::cout << a.toString() << " x " << b << " == " << c.toString() << std::endl;
}

void BigInteger::shiftLeftByBase(BigInteger& b, const BigInteger& a, int times) {
    b.digits.resize(a.digits.size() + times);
    for (int i = 0; i < times; ++i) {
        b.digits[i] = 0;
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < (int)a.digits.size(); ++i) {
        b.digits[i + times] = a.digits[i];
    }
}

void BigInteger::shiftRight(BigInteger& a) {
    //std::cout << "shr " << a.toString() << " == ";
    for (int i = 0; i < (int)a.digits.size(); ++i) {
        a.digits[i] >>= 1;
        if (i+1 < (int)a.digits.size()) {
            if ((a.digits[i+1] & 0x1) != 0) {
                a.digits[i] |= 0x8000;
            }
        }
    }
    //std::cout << a.toString() << std::endl;
}

void BigInteger::shiftLeft(BigInteger& a) {
    bool lastBit = false;
    for (int i = 0; i < (int)a.digits.size(); ++i) {
        bool bit = (a.digits[i] & 0x8000) != 0;
        a.digits[i] <<= 1;
        if (lastBit)
            a.digits[i] |= 1;
        lastBit = bit;
    }
    if (lastBit) {
        a.digits.push_back(1);
    }
}

void BigInteger::putCarryInfront(BigInteger& a, unsigned short carry) {
    BigInteger b;
    b.negative = a.negative;
    b.digits.resize(a.digits.size() + 1);
    b.digits[a.digits.size()] = carry;
    for (int i = 0; i < (int)a.digits.size(); ++i) {
        b.digits[i] = a.digits[i];
    }
    a.digits.swap(b.digits);
}

void BigInteger::divideWithoutSign(BigInteger& c, BigInteger& d, const BigInteger& a, const BigInteger& b) {
    c.digits.clear();
    c.digits.push_back(0);
    BigInteger two("2");
    BigInteger e = b;
    BigInteger f("1");
    BigInteger g = a;
    BigInteger one("1");
    while (cmpWithoutSign(g, e) >= 0) {
        shiftLeft(e);
        shiftLeft(f);
    }
    shiftRight(e);
    shiftRight(f);
    while (cmpWithoutSign(g, b) >= 0) {
        g -= e;
        c += f;
        while (cmpWithoutSign(g, e) < 0) {
            shiftRight(e);
            shiftRight(f);
        }
    }
    e = c;
    e *= b;
    f = a;
    f -= e;
    d = f;
}

BigInteger::BigInteger(const BigInteger& other) {
    digits = other.digits;
    negative = other.negative;
}

BigInteger::BigInteger(const char* other) {
    digits.push_back(0);
    negative = false;
    BigInteger ten;
    ten.digits[0] = 10;
    const char* c = other;
    bool make_negative = false;
    if (*c == '-') {
        make_negative = true;
        ++c;
    }
    while (*c != 0) {
        BigInteger digit;
        digit.digits[0] = *c - '0';
        *this *= ten;
        *this += digit;
        ++c;
    }
    negative = make_negative;
}

bool BigInteger::isOdd() const {
    return (digits[0] & 0x1) != 0;
}

BigInteger& BigInteger::operator=(const BigInteger& other) {
    if (this == &other) // handle self assignment
        return *this;
    digits = other.digits;
    negative = other.negative;
    return *this;
}

BigInteger& BigInteger::operator+=(const BigInteger& other) {
    BigInteger result;
    if (negative) {
        if (other.negative) {
            result.negative = true;
            addWithoutSign(result, *this, other);
        } else {
            int a = cmpWithoutSign(*this, other);
            if (a < 0) {
                result.negative = false;
                subWithoutSign(result, other, *this);
            } else if (a > 0) {
                result.negative = true;
                subWithoutSign(result, *this, other);
            } else {
                result.negative = false;
                result.digits.clear();
                result.digits.push_back(0);
            }
        }
    } else {
        if (other.negative) {
            int a = cmpWithoutSign(*this, other);
            if (a < 0) {
                result.negative = true;
                subWithoutSign(result, other, *this);
            } else if (a > 0) {
                result.negative = false;
                subWithoutSign(result, *this, other);
            } else {
                result.negative = false;
                result.digits.clear();
                result.digits.push_back(0);
            }
        } else {
            result.negative = false;
            addWithoutSign(result, *this, other);
        }
    }
    negative = result.negative;
    digits.swap(result.digits);
    return *this;
}

BigInteger& BigInteger::operator-=(const BigInteger& other) {
    BigInteger neg_other = other;
    neg_other.negative = !neg_other.negative;
    return *this += neg_other;
}

BigInteger& BigInteger::operator*=(const BigInteger& other) {
    BigInteger result;
    for (int i = 0; i < (int)digits.size(); ++i) {
        BigInteger mult;
        multByDigitWithoutSign(mult, other, digits[i]);
        BigInteger shift;
        shiftLeftByBase(shift, mult, i);
        BigInteger add;
        addWithoutSign(add, result, shift);
        result = add;
    }
    if (negative != other.negative) {
        result.negative = true;
    } else {
        result.negative = false;
    }
    //std::cout << toString() << " x " << other.toString() << " == " << result.toString() << std::endl;
    negative = result.negative;
    digits.swap(result.digits);
    return *this;
}

BigInteger& BigInteger::operator/=(const BigInteger& other) {
    BigInteger result, tmp;
    divideWithoutSign(result, tmp, *this, other);
    result.negative = (negative != other.negative);
    negative = result.negative;
    digits.swap(result.digits);
    return *this;
}

BigInteger& BigInteger::operator%=(const BigInteger& other) {
    BigInteger c, d;
    divideWithoutSign(c, d, *this, other);
    *this = d;
    return *this;
}

bool BigInteger::operator>(const BigInteger& other) const {
    if (negative) {
        if (other.negative) {
            return cmpWithoutSign(*this, other) < 0;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    } else {
        if (other.negative) {
            return true;
        } else {
            return cmpWithoutSign(*this, other) > 0;
        }
    }
}

BigInteger& BigInteger::powAssignUnderMod(const BigInteger& exponent, const BigInteger& modulus) {
    BigInteger zero("0");
    BigInteger one("1");
    BigInteger e = exponent;
    BigInteger base = *this;
    *this = one;
    while (cmpWithoutSign(e, zero) != 0) {
        //std::cout << e.toString() << " : " << toString() << " : " << base.toString() << std::endl;
        if (e.isOdd()) {
            *this *= base;
            *this %= modulus;
        }
        shiftRight(e);
        base *= BigInteger(base);
        base %= modulus;
    }
    return *this;
}

std::string BigInteger::toString() const {
    std::ostringstream os;
    if (negative)
        os << "-";
    BigInteger tmp = *this;
    BigInteger zero("0");
    BigInteger ten("10");
    tmp.negative = false;
    std::stack s;
    while (cmpWithoutSign(tmp, zero) != 0) {
        BigInteger tmp2, tmp3;
        divideWithoutSign(tmp2, tmp3, tmp, ten);
        s.push((char)(tmp3.digits[0] + '0'));
        tmp = tmp2;
    }
    while (!s.empty()) {
        os << s.top();
        s.pop();
    }
    /*
    for (int i = digits.size()-1; i >= 0; --i) {
        os << digits[i];
        if (i != 0) {
            os << ",";
        }
    }
    */
    return os.str();

And an example usage.

BigInteger a("87682374682734687"), b("435983748957348957349857345"), c("2348927349872344")

// Will Calculate pow(87682374682734687, 435983748957348957349857345) % 2348927349872344
a.powAssignUnderMod(b, c);

Its fast too, and has unlimited number of digits.