What is the maximum length of the alert text of an iOS push notification?
The documentation states that the notification payload has to be under 256 bytes in total,
EDIT:
Updating the answer with latest information
The maximum size allowed for a notification payload depends on which provider API you employ.
When using the legacy binary interface, maximum payload size is 2KB (2048 bytes).
When using the HTTP/2 provider API, maximum payload size is 4KB (4096 bytes). For Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) notifications, the maximum size is 5KB (5120 bytes)
OLD ANSWER: According to the apple doc the payload for iOS 8 is 2 kilobytes (2048 bytes) and 256 bytes for iOS 7 and prior. (removed the link as it was an old doc and it's broken now)
So if you just send text you have 2028 (iOS 8+) or 236 (iOS 7-) characters available.
The Notification Payload
Each remote notification includes a payload. The payload contains information about how the system should alert the user as well as any custom data you provide. In iOS 8 and later, the maximum size allowed for a notification payload is 2 kilobytes; Apple Push Notification service refuses any notification that exceeds this limit. (Prior to iOS 8 and in OS X, the maximum payload size is 256 bytes.)
But I've tested and you can send 2 kilobytes to iOS 7 devices too, even in production configurations