What is a monad?

Question

Having briefly looked at Haskell recently, what would be a brief, succinct, practical explanation as to what a monad essentially is?

I have found most expla

Answer 1

In the context of Scala you will find the following to be the simplest definition. Basically flatMap (or bind) is 'associative' and there exists an identity.

trait M[+A] {
  def flatMap[B](f: A => M[B]): M[B] // AKA bind

  // Pseudo Meta Code
  def isValidMonad: Boolean = {
    // for every parameter the following holds
    def isAssociativeOn[X, Y, Z](x: M[X], f: X => M[Y], g: Y => M[Z]): Boolean =
      x.flatMap(f).flatMap(g) == x.flatMap(f(_).flatMap(g))

    // for every parameter X and x, there exists an id
    // such that the following holds
    def isAnIdentity[X](x: M[X], id: X => M[X]): Boolean =
      x.flatMap(id) == x
  }
}

E.g.

// These could be any functions
val f: Int => Option[String] = number => if (number == 7) Some("hello") else None
val g: String => Option[Double] = string => Some(3.14)

// Observe these are identical. Since Option is a Monad 
// they will always be identical no matter what the functions are
scala> Some(7).flatMap(f).flatMap(g)
res211: Option[Double] = Some(3.14)

scala> Some(7).flatMap(f(_).flatMap(g))
res212: Option[Double] = Some(3.14)


// As Option is a Monad, there exists an identity:
val id: Int => Option[Int] = x => Some(x)

// Observe these are identical
scala> Some(7).flatMap(id)
res213: Option[Int] = Some(7)

scala> Some(7)
res214: Some[Int] = Some(7)

NOTE Strictly speaking the definition of a Monad in functional programming is not the same as the definition of a Monad in Category Theory, which is defined in turns of map and flatten. Though they are kind of equivalent under certain mappings. This presentations is very good: http://www.slideshare.net/samthemonad/monad-presentation-scala-as-a-category