Is R's apply family more than syntactic sugar?

Question

...regarding execution time and / or memory.

If this is not true, prove it with a code snippet. Note that speedup by vectorization does not count. The speedup must c

Answer 1

When applying functions over subsets of a vector, tapply can be pretty faster than a for loop. Example:

df <- data.frame(id = rep(letters[1:10], 100000),
                 value = rnorm(1000000))

f1 <- function(x)
  tapply(x$value, x$id, sum)

f2 <- function(x){
  res <- 0
  for(i in seq_along(l <- unique(x$id)))
    res[i] <- sum(x$value[x$id == l[i]])
  names(res) <- l
  res
}            

library(microbenchmark)

> microbenchmark(f1(df), f2(df), times=100)
Unit: milliseconds
   expr      min       lq   median       uq      max neval
 f1(df) 28.02612 28.28589 28.46822 29.20458 32.54656   100
 f2(df) 38.02241 41.42277 41.80008 42.05954 45.94273   100

apply, however, in most situation doesn't provide any speed increase, and in some cases can be even lot slower:

mat <- matrix(rnorm(1000000), nrow=1000)

f3 <- function(x)
  apply(x, 2, sum)

f4 <- function(x){
  res <- 0
  for(i in 1:ncol(x))
    res[i] <- sum(x[,i])
  res
}

> microbenchmark(f3(mat), f4(mat), times=100)
Unit: milliseconds
    expr      min       lq   median       uq      max neval
 f3(mat) 14.87594 15.44183 15.87897 17.93040 19.14975   100
 f4(mat) 12.01614 12.19718 12.40003 15.00919 40.59100   100

But for these situations we've got colSums and rowSums:

f5 <- function(x)
  colSums(x) 

> microbenchmark(f5(mat), times=100)
Unit: milliseconds
    expr      min       lq   median       uq      max neval
 f5(mat) 1.362388 1.405203 1.413702 1.434388 1.992909   100