After surfing through tons of documentation on the web it seems that the iPhone always shoots the video at a 480x360 aspect ratio and applies a transformation matrix on the
Similar to @HdN8's answer, but without the python regex:
$ ffprobe -show_streams any.MOV 2>/dev/null | grep rotate TAG:rotate=180
Or JSON:
$ ffprobe -of json -show_streams IMG_8738.MOV 2>/dev/null | grep rotate "rotate": "180",
Or you could parse the JSON (or other output format).