When I toggle on the install via USB in developer mode:
I got this problem in my Xiaomi Mi5 from India. All the mentioned solutions didn't work in my case. Then I tried to figure out the Core reason behind it and solve it. In MIUI, in order to change "Install via USB" option, you must be connected to the internet and signed in your Mi account. Due to some reason, requests from out of the China servers are getting rejected, so I connected to one open China VPN and tried again to enable 'Install via USB' and I got success. For detailed solution and VPN details, see this useful Youtube video: https://youtu.be/MeKUJlD-Ke4